In 2015, the US adult correctional system had under its supervision one in every 37 US adults, which is a rate of 2,710 people under supervision per 100,000 US residents aged 18 or older. More broadly, that's a rate of 2,090 per 100,000 US residents of all ages.
The rate for the population on community supervision, i.e. probation and parole, in 2015 was 1,870 per 100,000 US residents aged 18 or older, and 1,440 per 100,000 US residents of all ages.

Total Number of Adults Supervised by the US Correctional System, 2000, 2005, and 2010-2015: In 2015, a total of 6,741,400 adults were under the supervision of the US adult correctional system. Of those, 4,650,900 were under community supervision, of which 3,789,800 were on probation and 870,500 were on parole. A total of 2,173,800 adults were incarcerated in 2015, of whom 728,800 were in jails and 1,526,800 were in prisons.

In 2015, federal prisons held a total of 185,917 sentenced adult prisoners. Of those, 13,700 had a violent offense as the most serious charge for which they had been sentenced, 11,200 had a property offense as the most serious charge for which they had been sentenced, 92,000 had a drug offense as the most serious charge for which they had been sentenced, and 67,500 had a public order offense as the most serious charge for which they had been sentenced. Additionally, there were 1,400 for whom the charges were unknown or unspecified.

In 2016, there were 2,157,800 people behind bars in the US. This includes state and federal prisons as well as local and county jails. Of these, 188,300 people were federal prisoners, and 1,288,800 were state prisoners, and local jails held a total of 740,700 people. The incarceration rate in 2016 was 670 people per 100,000 US residents of all ages. The adult incarceration rate in 2016 was 870 people per 100,000 US residents aged 18 or older.

Click here for the complete data table for 2000 and 2007-2016.